ATR 250
Chapter 10: Early Hominid Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity

Ardipithecus kadabba     An early pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of a perihoning complex, a primitive trait intermediate between apes and modern humans.
Ardipithecus ramidus     A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of both bipedal-ism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex.
Australopithecus aethiopicus    An early robust australopithecine from East Africa, with the hallmark physical traits of large teeth, large face, and massive muscle attachments on the cranium.
Australopithecus afarensis    An early australopithecine from East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee's and was thought to be a direct human ancestor.
Australopithecus  africanus    A gracile australopithecine from South Africa that was contemporaneous with A. aethiopicus, A. garhi, and A. boisei and was likely ancestral to A. robustus.
Australopithecus anamensis    The oldest species of australopithecine from East Africa and a likely ancestor to A. afarensis.
Australopithecus boisei    Formerly known as Zinjanthropus boisei; a later robust australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with A. robustus and A. africanus and had the robust cranial traits, including large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments.
Australopithecus garhi      A late australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with A. africanus and A. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage.
Australopithecus  (or Kenyanthropus) platyops     An  australopithecine from East Africa that had a unique flat face and was contemporaneous with A. afarensis.
Australopithecus robustus      A robust australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from A. afarensis, was contemporaneous with A. boisei, and had the robust cranial traits of large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments. 
Eoanthropus dawsoni    The species name given to the cranium and mandible in the Piltdown hoax.
Homo habilis    The earliest Homo species, a possible descendant of A. garhi and an ancestor to H. erectus; showed the first substantial increase in brain size and was the first species definitively associated with the production and use of stone tools.
Lower Paleolithic    The oldest  part  of the period  during which the first stone tools were created and used, beginning with the Oldowan Complex. 
Lucy    One of the most significant fossils: the 40% complete skeleton of an adult female A. afarensis, found in East Africa
Oldowan Complex    The stone tool culture associated with H. habilis and, possibly, A. garhi, including primitive chopper tools.
Orrorin tugenensis     A pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis    The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism.