Chapter 3: Migration

Learning Objectives- After studying this chapter you should be able to:
3.1	Explain the Wilbur Zelinsky migration model.
3.2	Identify the basic types of migration based on distance and destination.
3.3	Describe the global pattern of migrant distribution.
3.4	Identify the three historical stages of U.S. migration.
3.5	Identify the principle sources of immigrants during each of the three historical stages of U.S. migration.
3.6	Describe the history of interregional migration in the United States.
3.7	Describe interregional migration in large countries such as Russia, Brazil, Canada, China, and Brazil.
3.8	Explain the differences between the three forms of intraregional migration (urbanization, suburbanization, and counterurbanization) as it relates to developed countries and developing countries.
3.9	Distinguish between push and pull factors of migration.
3.10	Discuss Ravenstein’s three reasons for migrating and the role of intervening obstacles.
3.11	Distinguish among the three categories of people forced to migrate for political reasons.
3.12	Provide examples of environmental and economic push and pull factors.
3.13	Evaluate the benefits of remittances to receiving countries.
3.14	Describe the age profile of immigrants to the United States.
3.15	Discuss the various factors that have affected the percentages of male and female migrants to the United States.
3.16	Describe global patterns in government policies that restrict immigration.
3.17	Describe the major changes that the United States has made to its immigration policies in the twentieth century.
3.18	Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the United States.
3.19	Explain the diversity of conditions along the U.S.–Mexico border.
3.20	Summarize data on the number and characteristics of unauthorized immigrants.
3.21	Summarize the history of guest worker programs in Europe in the 1960s and 1970s.
3.22	Identify the sources of recent European migrants.
3.23	Identify the factors that have led to the rise of anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe.

Terms-  You should understand these terms and be ready to identify them:
Asylum Seeker Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
Brain drain Large-scale emigration by talented people.
Chain migration Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Circular Migration The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.
Counterurbanization Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.
Emigration Permanent or semipermanent movement from a location.
Floodplain The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends.
Guest workers Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Immigration Permanent or semipermanent movement to a new location.
Internal migration Permanent movement within a particular country.
Internally displaced person Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.
International migration Permanent movement from one country to another.
Interregional migration Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
Intervening obstacle An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
Intraregional migration Permanent movement within one region of a country.
Migration Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
Migration transition Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
Net migration The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.
Pull factors Factors that induce people to move to a new location.
Push factors Factors that induce people to leave old residences.
Quota In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.
Refugees People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Remittance Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated.
Unauthorized immigrants People who enter a country without proper documents.