Chapter 12: Services

Learning Objectives- After studying this chapter you should be able to:
1.	Identify the various types of services, note how they originated and discuss the pattern of service provision in rural areas.
2.	Explain how central place theory accounts for the regular distribution of settlements in many parts of MDCs.
3.	Explain the central concepts involved in market-area analysis and how they determine profitability and optimal location of businesses.
4.	Explain how nesting, the rank-size rule, and periodic markets account for the hierarchy of services and settlements.
5.	Compare and contrast the features of ancient, medieval, and modern world cities.
6.	Identify the four levels of cities in the hierarchy of business services and give examples of cities within them
7.	Identify the differences between basic and nonbasic industries, noting  the specialization of urban settlements and the two types of business services in LDCs.
8.	Identify the organizing factors of the central business district and note the impact of suburbanization on tertiary industries.

Terms-  You should understand these terms and be ready to identify them:
Basic industries Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
Business services Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses.
Central business district (CBD) The area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered.
Central place theory A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
Central place A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
City-state A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.
Clustered rural settlement A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.
Consumer services Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal
Dispersed rural settlement A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
Economic base A community's collection of basic industries.
Enclosure movement The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
Gravity model A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
Market area (or hinterland) The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.
Nonbasic industries Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.
Personal services Services that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers.
Primate city The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Primate city rule A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Producer services Services that primarily help people conduct business.
Public services Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
Range (of a service) The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
Rank-size rule A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the ?2th largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
Retail services Services that provide goods for sale to consumers.
Service Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.
Settlement A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.
Threshold The minimum number of people needed to support the service.
Transportation and information services Services that diffuse and distribute services.